face="Times New Roman Star"osal 1 (dial.), usan- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"osal 1
face="Times New Roman Star"osal 2
face="Times New Roman Star"ohol 4
face="Times New Roman Star"osol 2
face="Times New Roman Star"osal 2
face="Times New Roman Star"osal 2
face="Times New Roman Star"usal 2
face="Times New Roman Star"osal 2
face="Times New Roman Star"osal 1, 2, usan- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"osal 2
face="Times New Roman Star"osal 2
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 365-366, EDT 247, 248, ÝÑÒß 1, 479-481, 608 (distinguishes osal and usan- - but the narrowing osan- > usan- is a local Oghuz phenomenon and probably secondary, due to interdialectal loans), Åãîðîâ 277, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 290. Turk. > Mong. osal (MMong. (SH) osolda-), see TMN 2, 149, Clark 1980, 39, not vice versa - despite Ùåðáàê 1997, 207.
face="Times New Roman Star"(MKypch.) qasyrqa (Houts.), qasurg|a (AH)
face="Times New Roman Star"Gasyrg|a
face="Times New Roman Star"kozúrga
face="Times New Roman Star"qazyrg|y
face="Times New Roman Star"qa'syrg|y
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 240, ÝÑÒß 5, 332, Ëåêñèêà 43, Àøì. VII, 20. Chuvash has an irregular form with initial k- (*x- would be expected). But it can hardly be a borrowing from Volga-Kypchak languages.
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 26, TMN 2, 40-41, ÝÑÒß 1, 189-191, Ëåêñèêà 555. Turk. > Kalm. ars? 'thill' (KW 15). The word is attested late, and Clauson 1965, 166 proposes a loan < Arab. ?|aris..
face="Times New Roman Star"1 pasture 2 far environs 3 (summer) camp, dwelling place, village 4 herd
face="Times New Roman Star"1 ïàñòáèùå 2 äàëüíèå ñòðàíû 3 õóòîð, äåðåâíÿ 4 îòàðà, ñòàäî áàðàíîâ
face="Times New Roman Star"utar 3
face="Times New Roman Star"o.to|r 4
face="Times New Roman Star"otar 1
face="Times New Roman Star"odor 1
face="Times New Roman Star"otor 3
face="Times New Roman Star"odar 1
face="Times New Roman Star"otor 1, 2
face="Times New Roman Star"otar 1
face="Times New Roman Star"otar 1
face="Times New Roman Star"utar 3
face="Times New Roman Star"otar 1
face="Times New Roman Star"otar 1
face="Times New Roman Star"otar 3
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 367, ÝÑÒß 1, 487-488. Usually derived from *ot 'grass' but the morphological pattern is unclear; the word might well be archaic despite lack of ancient attestation. Cf. also Balkan words like Hung. hata/r etc., most probably of Turkic origin. Turk. > WMong. otar, Kalm. otr (KW 291).
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 338, Åãîðîâ 78, Ôåäîòîâ 1, 194, Äìèòðèåâà 189, Ëåêñèêà 126. The word is attested late (like many tree names), but borrowing from Russ. èëüì is hardly possible; the Russian word, usually considered a Germanism (MHG ilme etc.), may equally well be explained as a Turkism (see Åãîðîâ ibid.). The resemblance of PT *ilme and PIE *l&mo- / *olmo- is interesting, but probably accidental (if the Turkic word indeed goes back to PA *p`i_ule).
face="Times New Roman Star"1 to knock (down), hit, agitate 2 to whet 3 to slaughter 4 to mow 5 scythe 6 to sting, pierce 7 to sweep 8 to chop 9 a k. of broom 10 to sharpen, whet 11 whetstone 12 mowing, hay time 13 to trip 14 blade
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, c?algy 9, c?algy orag|y 5
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 3, c?alg|y 5
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, c?alg|i u.ro|q 5
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, c?alg|a 5
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al(y)- 8
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 6, 7, c?alg|y 9
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 10, 7, 6, c?alGy 5, 11
face="Times New Roman Star"sal- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"s?alg|y 5
face="Times New Roman Star"c?alg|y 5
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 6
face="Times New Roman Star"s/ol- 4, s/olúk 9
face="Times New Roman Star"sa:lyn- 'to fall abruptly'
face="Times New Roman Star"s?aly- 10
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 3, c?alg|y 5, c?alg|yn 12
face="Times New Roman Star"s?al- 13, s?alg|y 5, s?alg|yn 12
face="Times New Roman Star"s?al- 1, 3, 4, s?alg|y 5
face="Times New Roman Star"saly- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 4, c?alqy 5
face="Times New Roman Star"c?alym 14
face="Times New Roman Star"cal- 1, 4, calqy, calg|y 5
face="Times New Roman Star"s?al- 1, 3, 13, s?alg|y 5, s?alg|yn 12
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 4, c?alg|y 5
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 97, EDT 417-418 , Åãîðîâ 206, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 132, 133. The difference in length between Turkm. and Yak. allows to suppose a merger of at least two roots, perhaps originally distinguished semantically and phonetically as *c?a:l- 'to knock down' (reflected in Yak., not reflected in Turkm.) - *c?al- 'to sharpen, whet' (reflected in Turkm., not reflected in Yak.). Since "Verba des Schlagens" are generally vague semantically, in most languages it is difficult to draw a line between them.
face="Times New Roman Star"1 nail, peg 2 corner 3 penis 4 fir
face="Times New Roman Star"1 ãâîçäü, êîëûøåê, ÷åêà 2 óãîë 3 penis 4 õâîéíîå äåðåâî
face="Times New Roman Star"c?y/iv 2 (OUygh.)
face="Times New Roman Star"(c?iz?| 1 MK - a miswriting instead *c?iv?)
face="Times New Roman Star"c?ivi 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"j 'wedge, cotter'
face="Times New Roman Star"c?uv 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"a" 3 (R, by animals), c?iva" 'space between legs above the knees', c?ivila"n 'back saddlegirth' (fixed with a wooden peg)
face="Times New Roman Star"c?iv 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?iis? 'wedge'
face="Times New Roman Star"s?u"j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"so"j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?ivi 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"j, c?u"w, (K) c?ivij 1
face="Times New Roman Star"s?u"j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 110, 121, EDT 393-394, 396, Ëåêñèêà 125, 398. Because of well known semantic correlations of the type 'penis': 'thorn': 'fir (needle)' it is tempting to compare also the name of the fir-tree: Tat. dial. (ÊÑÒÒ) c?ivi, cyvy, Khak. syby, Shor s?u"be, Oyr. c?ibi (Tuba c?yby), Tuva s?ivi, Tof. s?ibi. However, the intermediate form meaning 'thorn' is not attested, and the medial consonant here is rather *-p- (unless we suppose interdialectal loans), so it may be unrelated.
face="Times New Roman Star"s?is?-(mo|q) 1, s?is? 2
face="Times New Roman Star"is?s?i-(maq) 1
face="Times New Roman Star"siz- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"s?is?- 1, s?is? 2
face="Times New Roman Star"c?i:s?- 1, c?i:s? 2
face="Times New Roman Star"s@s- 1, s@s 2, (Qyz.) c?@z?|@k 2
face="Times New Roman Star"s?is?- 1, s?is? 2
face="Times New Roman Star"s?ys?- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"s?ys/- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"is- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"is 2
face="Times New Roman Star"y's?- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"s?is?i- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"sis- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"s?es?- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"s?is?- 1, s?is? 2
face="Times New Roman Star"s?is?-, sis- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"s?is?- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 424, EDT 857, ÄÒÑ 524 , Åãîðîâ 341, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 467, Stachowski 128-129. Languages display both assimilations and dissimilations (loss) of the first consonant. Loss of length in Yak., Tuva and Tof. is not quite clear (Turkm. clearly demonstrates a long -i:-); if we take into account the Chuv. reflex (-y- corresponding to Common Turkic i/y), we should perhaps reconstruct a PT form *sy>jl/c?- (see Ìóäðàê Äèññ. 158).
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 118-119. Note however that most of the forms listed in VEWT actually reflect PT *c?opur (v. sub *s?op`e/), so the root *c?ubar appears to be very late and local.
face="Times New Roman Star"kelegu" 'al-yarbu:' (MK)
face="Times New Roman Star"kelen(g)i, geleni, dial. gelenki
face="Times New Roman Star"kelen|u" (IM)
face="Times New Roman Star"kelemis?, keler, keles
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 249, EDT 718, ÝÑÒß 5, 31, Ëåêñèêà 181. The root is not widely attested (although mentioned by MK), and may become confused with the root for 'lizard'; in Turkic dialects folk-etymologically influenced by gelin 'bride' (cf. also gelincek 'weasel', see Öèâüÿí 1979), which would explain voiced g- (irregular in the Altaic perspective).
